Palabras clave
Intenciones de parentalidad
Matrimonio homosexual
Segunda Transición Demográfica
Cómo citar
Resumen
Este artículo observa a las parejas del mismo sexo como un signo de la Segunda Transición Demográfica, investigando cómo las parejas de gais y lesbianas que viven juntos en Brasilia construyen su familia, si tienen la intención de tener hijos y qué desafíos enfrentan. Realizamos entrevistas semiestructuradas en línea para investigar el proceso de formación familiar y las intenciones de parentalidad de 42 parejas que vivían juntas en Brasilia en 2019, 20 parejas de lesbianas y 22 parejas de gais. Los temas de las entrevistas fueron el matrimonio, los hijos, el trabajo y el estigma. Este artículo avanza en la investigación sobre las familias al articular puntos de conexión entre la institución legal del matrimonio y las personas del mismo sexo en Brasil, el cambio de las normas sociales con respecto a la vida familiar y a las expectativas de género como signos de la Segunda Transición Demográfica. El estudio de las parejas del mismo sexo contribuye a una comprensión más compleja de la familia, de la división del trabajo por género y de la dimensión de la fertilidad y las intenciones de parentalidad.
Citas
Aguirre, S. G. (2015). Prácticas de paternidad de algunos varones gais de Ciudad de México. Entre tabúes y nuevas apuestas para su ejercicio. Revista Sociedad y Economía (29), 39-62. https://doi.org/10.25100/sye.v0i29.3917
Ahmed, A. M., Andersson, L. & Hammarstedt, M. (2011). Inter‐and intra‐household earnings differentials among homosexual and heterosexual couples. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 49(2), 258-278. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2011.00849.x
Ajzen, I. & Klobas, J. (2013). Fertility intentions: An approach based on the theory of planned behavior. Demographic Research, 29(8), 203-232. https://doi.org/10.4054/demres.2013.29.8
Aksoy, C. G., Carpenter, C. S. & Frank, J. (2018). Sexual orientation and earnings: New evidence from the United Kingdom. ILR Review, 71(1), 242-272. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793916687759
Araldi, M. O. & Serralta, F. B. (2016). Parentalidade em casais homossexuais: Uma revisão sistemática. Revista Psicologia em Pesquisa, 10(2), 31-39. https://doi.org/10.24879/201600100020057
Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 1(3), 385-405. https://doi.org/10.1177/146879410100100307
Baiocco, R. & Laghi, F. (2013). Sexual orientation and the desires and intentions to become parents. Journal of Family Studies, 19(1), 90-98. https://doi.org/10.5172/jfs.2013.2495
Bauer, G. (2016). Gender roles, comparative advantages and the life course: the division of domestic labor in same-sex and different-sex couples. European Journal of Population, 32(1), 99-128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-015-9363-z
Bernhardt, E. (2004). Is the Second Demographic Transition a useful concept for demography? Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 2, 25-28. https://doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2004s25
Biblarz, T. J. & Stacey, J. (2010). How does the gender of parents matter? Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(1), 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00678.x
Blumstein, P. & Schwartz, P. (1983). American Couples. New York: William Morrow.
Boertien, D. & Bernardi, F. (2019). Same-sex parents and children’s school progress: An association that disappeared over time. Demography, 56(2), 477-501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-018-0759-3
Boertien, D. & Vignoli, D. (2019). Legalizing same-sex marriage matters for the subjective well-being of individuals in same-sex unions. Demography, 56(6), 2109-2121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00822-1
Bongaarts, J. (1992). Do reproductive intentions matter? International Family Planning Perspectives, 18(3), 102-108. https://doi.org/10.2307/2133409
Borges, C., Magalhães, A. S. & Féres-Carneiro, T. (2017). Nadando contra a corrente: a vivência conjugal de homens gays e a heteronormatividade. Psicologia em Estudo, 22(4), 597-608. https://doi.org/10.4025/psicolestud.v22i4.34729
Bowling, J., Simmons, M., Dodge, B., Sundarraman, V., Lakshmi, B., Dharuman, S. T. & Herbenick, D. (2019). Family formation goals among sexual and gender minority individuals in Urban India. Studies in Family Planning, 50(3), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/sifp.12102 Brewster, M. E. (2017). Lesbian women and household labor division: A systematic review of scholarly research from 2000 to 2015. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 21(1), 47-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/10894160.2016.1142350
Carlson, E. (2019). Reformulating second demographic transition theory. In R. Shoen (Ed.), Analytical Family Demography: Vol. 47. The Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis (pp. 7-26). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93227-9_2
Carpenter, C., Eppink, S. T., Gonzales, G. & McKay, T. (2018). Effects of access to legal same-sex marriage on marriage and health: Evidence f rom BRFSS(Working paper No. w24651). National Bureauof Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w24651
Carroll, M. (2018). Managing without moms: Gay fathers, incidental activism, and the politics of parental gender. Journal of Family Issues, 39(13), 3410-3435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x18783229
Chen, S. & Van Ours, J. C. (2018). Subjective well-being and partnership dynamics: Are same-sex relationships different? Demography, 55(6), 2299-2320. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3041335
Coleman, D. (2004). Why we don’t have to believe without doubting in the Second Demographic Transition: Some agnostic comments. In T. Fent & A. Prskawetz (Eds.), Vienna Yearbook of Population Research: Vol. 2 (pp. 11-24). https://doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2004s11
Conselho Federal de Medicina. (2021). Resolução 2,294/2021. https://sistemas.cf m.org.br/normas/visualizar/resolucoes/BR/2021/2294
Conselho Nacional de Justiça. (2013). Resolução 175/2013. https://www.tjam.jus.br/index.php/atos-do-cnj/file/5179
Costa, P. A. & Bidell, M. (2017). Modern families: Parenting desire, intention, and experience among Portuguese lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Journal of Family Issues, 38(4), 500-521. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x16683985
D’Lane, R. & Baumle, A. K. (2018). Demographics of gay and lesbian partnerships and families. In N. Riley & J. Brunson (Eds.), International Handbook on Gender and Demographic Processes (pp. 267-285). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1290-1_18
Encarnación, O. G. (2018). A Latin American puzzle: Gay rights landscapes in Argentina and Brazil. Human Rights Quarterly, 40(1), 194-218. https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2018.0007
Farr, R. H., Forssell, S. L. & Patterson, C. J. (2010). Parenting and child development in adoptive families: Does parental sexual orientation matter? Applied Developmental Science, 14(3), 164-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2010.500958
Finch, J. (2007). Displaying families. Sociology, 41(1), 65-81. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038507072284
Gates, G. J. (2013). LGBT parenting in the United States. The Williams Institute. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/LGBT-Parenting-US-Feb-2013.pdf
Gato, J., Santos, S. & Fontaine, A. M. (2017). To have or not to have children? That is the question. Factors influencing parental decisions among lesbians and gay men. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 14(3), 310-323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-016-0268-3
Giddings, L., Nunley, J. M., Schneebaum, A. & Zietz, J. (2014). Birth cohort and the specialization gap between same-sex and different-sex couples. Demography, 51(2), 509-534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-013-0267-4
Goldberg, A. E. (2010). From partners to parents: the transition to parenthood for lesbians and gay men. In A. E. Goldberg (Ed.), Lesbian and Gay Parents and Their Children: Research on the Family Life Cycle (pp. 49-88). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/12055-003
Goldscheider, F., Bernhardt, E. & Lappegård, T. (2015). The gender revolution: A f ramework for understanding changing family and demographic behavior. Population and Development Review, 41(2), 207-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2015.00045.x
Grover, S. & Helliwell, J. F. (2019). How’s life at home? New evidence on marriage and the set point for happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(2), 373-390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9941-3Gurgel, L. L. & Uziel, A. P. (2019). “E se essa criança for gay?”: Heteronormatividade e homoparentalidade em Cena. PSIUNISC, 3(2), 17-34. https://doi.org/10.17058/psiunisc.v3i2.13461
Herrera, F., Miranda, C., Pavicevic, Y. & Sciaraffia, V. (2018). “Soy un papá súper normal”: Experiencias parentales de hombres gay en Chile. Polis, 17(50), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-65682018000200111
Itaborahy, L. P. (2014). Pessoas LGBT vivendo em pobreza no Rio de Janeiro. Londres: Micro Rainbow International CIC. https://microrainbow.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/20141204-report-port.pdf
Kazyak, E., Park, N., McQuillan, J. & Greil, A. L. (2016). Attitudes toward motherhood among sexual minority women in the United States. Journal of Family Issues, 37(13), 1771-1796. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x14554396
Kranz, D., Busch, H. & Niepel, C. (2018). Desires and intentions for fatherhood: A comparison of childless gay and heterosexual men in Germany. Journal of Family Psychology, 32(8), 995-1004. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000439
Kurdek, L. A. (2007). The allocation of household labor by partners in gay and lesbian couples. Journal of Family Issues, 28(1), 132-148. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x06292019
Lesthaeghe, R. (2010). The unfolding story of the second demographic transition. Population and Development Review, 36(2), 211-251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2010.00328.x
Lesthaeghe, R. (2014). The second demographic transition: A concise overview of its development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(51), 18112-18115. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1420441111
Lesthaeghe, R. (2020). The second demographic transition, 1986-2020: Sub-replacement fertility and rising cohabitation—a global update. Genus, 76(10), 1-38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-020-00077-4
Lesthaeghe, R. & Esteve, A. (2016). Cohabitation: The Pan-America view. In A. Esteve & R. Lesthaeghe (Eds.), Cohabitation and Marriage in the Americas: Geo-historical Legacies and New Trends (pp. 269-291). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31442-6_10
Lesthaeghe, R. & Van de Kaa, D. J. (1986). Twee demografische transities? [Two demographic transitions?]. In D. J. Van de Kaa & R. Lesthaeghe (Eds.), Bevolking: groei en krimp [Population: growth and decline] (pp. 9-24). Deventer: Van Loghum Slaterus.
Libson, M. C. (2012). Parentalidades gays y lesbianas: varones y mujeres en familias no heteronormativas. La Ventana, 4(35), 292-321. http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1405-94362012000100011&lng=es&nrm=iso
Martins, R. (2019). Menino veste azul e menina veste rosa. In D. Stefano & M. L. Mendoça (Eds.), Direitos humanos no Brasil, relatório da Rede Social de Justiça e Direitos Humanos (pp. 205-211). São Paulo: Editora Expressão Popular. http://www.social.org.br/files/pdf/reelatorio_dh_2019.pdf
Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper and Row. Matos, M. (2000). Reinvenções do vínculo amoroso: cultura e identidade de gênero na modernidade tardia: Vol. 2. Belo Horizonte: Editora UFMG.
May, T. (2004). Pesquisa Social: questões, métodos e processos (3ª ed.). Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Meletti, A. T. & Scorsolini-Comin, F. (2015). Conjugalidade e expectativas em relação à parentalidade em casais homossexuais. Revista Psicologia: Teoria e Prática, 17(1), 37-49. https://doi.org/10.15348/1980-6906/psicologia.v17n1p37-49
Meyer, I. H. (2013). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(S), 3-26. https://doi.org/10.1037/2329-0382.1.s.3
Mills, M. & Blossfeld, H.-P. (2013). The second demographic transition meets globalization: A comprehensive theory to understand changes in family formation in an era of rising uncertainty. In A. Evans & J. Baxter (Eds.), Negotiating the Life Course (pp. 9-33). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8912-0_2
Moore, M. R. & Stambolis-Ruhstorfer, M. (2013). LGBT sexuality and families at the start of the twenty-first century. Annual Reviews of Sociology, 39, 491-507. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145643
Morgan, S. P. & Taylor, M. G. (2006). Low fertility at the turn of the twenty-first century. Annual Review of Sociology, 32, 375-399. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.31.041304.122220
Patterson, C. J., Sutfin, E. L. & Fulcher, M. (2004). Division of labor among lesbian and heterosexual parenting couples: Correlates of specialized versus shared patterns. Journal of Adult Development, 11(3), 179-189. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:jade.0000035626.90331.47
Pineda, J. E. R. & Jaramillo, J. J. (2020). Padres y madres homosexuales y bisexuales en Colombia: aproximación a las percepciones sobre la familia. Sociologias, 22(54), 258-284. https://doi.org/10.1590/15174522-94683
Presidência da República e Casa Civil. (1990). Lei No 8.069, de 13 de julho de 1990. http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Leis/L8069.htm
Presidência da República e Casa Civil. (2009). Lei No 12.010, de 03 de agosto de 2009. http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2007-2010/2009/lei/L12010.htm
Quesnel-Vallée, A. & Morgan, S. P. (2003). Missing the target? Correspondence of fertility intentions and behavior in the U.S. Population Research and Policy Review, 22(5-6), 497-525. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:popu.0000021074.33415.c1
Reczek, C. (2016). Ambivalence in gay and lesbian family relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 78(3), 644-659. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12308
Roudinesco, E. (2003). A família em desordem. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar Editora.Schneebaum, A. & Lee Badgett, M. V. (2019). Poverty in US Lesbian and Gay Couple Households. Feminist Economics, 25(1), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2018.1441533
Schoen, R., Astone, N. M., Kim, Y. J., Nathanson, C. A. & Fields, J. M. (1999). Do fertility intentions affect fertility behavior? Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61(3), 790-799. https://doi.org/10.2307/353578
Sedgwick, E. K. (1990). Epistemology of the Closet. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Simon, K. A., Tornello, S. L., Farr, R. H. & Bos, H. M. (2018). Envisioning future parenthood among bisexual, lesbian, and heterosexual women. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 5(2), 253-259. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000267
Sobotka, T. & Toulemon, L. (2008). Overview Chapter 4: Changing family and partnership behaviour: Common trends and persistent diversity across Europe. Demographic Research, 19(6), 85-138. https://doi.org/10.4054/demres.2008.19.6
Stewart, S. (2002). The effect of stepchildren on childbearing intentions and births. Demography, 39(1), 181-197. https://doi.org/10.2307/3088370
Supremo Tribunal Federal. (2011). Argüição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental 132/2011. https://redir.stf.jus.br/paginadorpub/paginador.jsp?docTP=AC&docID=628633
Tate, D. P., Patterson, C. J. & Levy, A. J. (2019). Predictors of parenting intentions among childless lesbian, gay, and heterosexual adults. Journal of Family Psychology, 33(2), 194-202. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000499
Tombolato, M. A., Maia, A. C. B., Uziel, A. P. & Santos, M. A. D. (2018). Prejudice and discrimination in the everyday life of same-sex couples raising children. Estudos de Psicologia de Campinas, 35(1), 111-122. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-02752018000100011
Umberson, D., Thomeer, M. B., Kroeger, R. A., Lodge, A. C. & Xu, M. (2015). Challenges and opportunities for research on same‐sex relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 77(1), 96-111. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12155
Verona, A. P., Dias, C. S., Jr., Fazito, D. & Miranda-Ribeiro, P. (2015). First conjugal union and religion: Signs contrary to the Second Demographic Transition in Brazil? Demographic Research, 33(34), 985-1014. https://doi.org/10.4054/demres.2015.33.34
Voultsos, P., Zymvragou, C. E., Raikos, N. & Spiliopoulou, C. C. (2019). Lesbians’ experiences and attitudes towards parenthood in Greece. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 21(1), 108-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2018.1442021
Webb, S. N., Chonody, J. M. & Kavanagh, P. S. (2017). Attitudes toward same-sex parenting: An effect of gender. Journal of Homosexuality, 64(11), 1583-1595. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1247540
Weeks, J. (2007). The World We Have Won: The Remaking of Erotic and Intimate Life. London, UK: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203956809
Weston, K. (1997). Families We Choose: Lesbians, Gays, Kinship. New York: Columbia University Press.
Zrenchik, K. & Craft, S. M. (2016). The state of GLBT family research: An opportunity to critically reflect. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 12(2), 138-159. https://doi.org/10.1080/1550428x.2015.1011817
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2021 Revista Latinoamericana de Población